Algae Bloom Venice.The feasibility of algae as a biofuel feedstock is under scrutiny with three separate but related developments in the US and Italy. In Italy, the city of Venice has announced a 200 million euro project to capture "Sargassum muticum" and "Undaria pinnatifida" algae seaweed and generate 40 MW of power from algae biofuel.
In Ohio, AlgaeVenture Systems has released more data on their algae harvesting and dewatering system that they say will reduce dewatering costs by up to 99 percent compared to centrifuges. The company's technology uses capillary effect, cohesion, absorption and transpiration pull - methods utilized by trees to move water from roots to treetop.
Finally, Thomas Schueneman of Environmental News Network reported back from the Algae Biofuels Summit that just concluded in San Francisco with "A sobering assessment" that blogs and mainstream media are reporting "wild-eyed optimism and pure hype".
Elsewhere in South Dakota, POET Biorefining and the city of Sioux Falls have completed a landfill gas pipeline that will supply methane gas to the 105 Mgy POET plant at Chancellor. The alternative energy sources will offset up to 90 percent of the plant's process steam needs and could in the future replace 90 percent of the plant's total energy needs.
Monday, March 30, 2009
Friday, March 27, 2009
Today biofuel world over. Major developments
Australia's first Bio-friendly fuel
Australia, the Largest landmass in the pacific with population of 21,714,553 and with almost every houshold with car is going Biofuel.
In Australia
Researchers at the national science organization, CSIRO, have concluded that the cost of saltwater algae production is now, based on current science, lower than the cost of diesel from fossil crude oil.
In the study, the researchers focused on maximizing the value of biodiesel in economic and carbon terms by co-locating algae production with a power source - for power generation purposes more than CO2 capture.
Our highlight:
Researchers at United Environment and Energy LLC in Horseheads, New York have announced that they have developed "the first economical, eco-friendly process to convert algae oil into biodiesel." Which may be a bit of overstated, particularly the eco-friendly part, but considering that the process they've developed is claimed to be 40% less expensive than other procedures out there it's worthwhile paying attention:
Ben Wen, vice-president of United Environment and Energy, says that the cost reductions are realized because their procedure can be done in much smaller facilities, has no water dispersal costs and is "considerably faster."
A key advantage of this new process, he says, is that it uses a proprietary solid catalyst developed at his company instead of liquid catalysts used by other scientists today. First, the solid catalyst can be used over and over. Second, it allows the continuously flowing production of biodiesel, compared to the method using a liquid catalyst. That process is slower because workers need to take at least a half hour after producing each batch to create more biodiesel. They need to purify the biodiesel by neutralizing the base catalyst by adding acid. No such action is needed to treat the solid catalyst, Wen explains.
He estimates algae has an "oil-per-acre production rate 100-300 times the amount of soybeans, and offers the highest yield feedstock for biodiesel and the most promising source for mass biodiesel production to replace transportation fuel in the United States." He says that his firm is now conducting a pilot program for the process with a production capacity of nearly 1 million gallons of algae biodiesel per year. Depending on the size of the machinery and the plant, he said it is possible that a company could produce up to 50 million gallons of algae biodiesel annually
In China
Biodiesel and fossil fuel refiner and distributor China Bio Energy announced that sales rose in the 4th quarter of 2008 by 165 percent to $59,1 million. The company said that adjusted net income rose 209.5 percent to $6.5 million based on a "rise in market demand for finished oil products and bio-diesel", according to the firm.
In the Philippines
San Carlos Bioenergy announced that it has commenced ethanol production and made its first 420,000 gallon delivery to Petron last week. The company said that, overall, the project will reduce Philippine oil imports by 15 percent. The sugarcane project will produce 8 Mgy of ethanol, 8 MW of power from sugarcane bagasse as part of an overall harvest of 1500 tons of sugar per day.
A company in Virgina Xcel Plus is reproted to have 36 Mgy contract where Glycene will be supplied to another company called Oldcastle Materailswhich produces asphalt and concrete company. Glycene is a by product from glycine which is a product of transesterification process of makiong biodiesel from crude oil.
In Arizona
Algae topic is going tense and more interst is in this organism fro renewable energy development.
A diversified group including the University of Arizona, PetroSun, Purdue University School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Renascent Energy, Carbon2Algae, Innovative Trade Development Center, USDA Laboratory (Peoria, IL) and Pukyong University (South Korea) have submitted an application for a USDA/DOE project on the production of advanced biofuels from algae.
In Georgia
The state Public Service Commission (PSC) approved Georgia Power Company's request to convert the Plant Mitchell Unit 3 to a 96 MW biomass power plant, from coal. The unit will utilize wood biomass drawn from a 100 mile radius around the plant, and is scheduled to complete conversion by 2012.
Biogas
"Bathroom time may not be wasted time after all: A year's worth of your poop can be turned into 2.1 gallons of useable diesel. And the Norwegian capital of Oslo plans to put all that waste to work powering 80 of its buses with fuel made from the Bekkelaget sewage treatment plant, which houses the waste of 250,000 people. "
International News
In the Dominican Republic
Sustainable Power announced the formation of Rhino Evergreen International to license the company's core pyrolysis and biomass-to-power technologies for development of projects in the DR. Sustainable Power said that its Dominican partners will provide financing and will hold a 65 percent stake in the new concern.
In France
Oil & Gas Journal is reporting that the move from mandated E5 to E10 ethanol blending will be delayed, and only 75 percent of service stations in France will be in compliance by year-end. Logistic problems and conversion costs were cited as factors in the delay. Initial conversions by BP and Total will commence next month.
In Germany
Verbio reported a 63 percent increase in sales to 666 million euros, up 63 percent over 2007. The company said that overall biodiesel demand had increased despite increased biodiesel fuel taxes, with a 38 percent increase in demand for biodiesel from Eastern Europe. The company said that its ethanol exports dropped 9 percent for the year.
The rapid increase in biofuel/alternative energy sources and developments have become the only competitor to traditional fossil fuel. For sure biofuels will remain the only competitor. Competition is good for economy and better lifestyle for people. But for how long will the competition last? This is a question many developers must address. This will drive them torwards sustainable alternative, viable,affordable and competitive. Obviously ,the best latewrnative, non food based can give such guarantees.It is estimated that more than 50% of fuel worldwide will be biofuels by 2030 and beyond.For sure, we know that if this world will continue another 200 years of civilization , fossil fuel will not take us there even 10-20 years from now. This is the biggest threat. Sustainable biofuel /bioenergy is the way forward.
Tuesday, March 24, 2009
The rise of Biofuel contest and the look in the future.
Energy is life.Who can deny this fact?
Many have misunderstanding on the stand of biofuel. Some believed biofuel is to totally remove tradition fossil fuel,while some would say biofuel is not worth developing due to problems of land issues,water usage,and competition with food.
If all have to listen to such discussions, equal number of people would support and against. Of course their reasons are valid and biofuel issues are rather confusing.
One of the question is to ask whether or not the biofuels are part of the green tech of the future helping to meet the rising demand for national energy dependency while on the other hand contributing to lower emissions of green house gases.
The other question is whether or not the our biofuel developments compete with food crops diverting water, changing pattern of land use and encourage deforestation.
Both of these two statements are according to each person,location and economy is yes and no.
By taking a balance view, both are potentially right.Food based biofuels looks at crop yield,production impacts,energy balance,engine performance and the emission of green house gases (CO2).
It is very imperative that industries must acknowledge and address concerns about SUSTAINABILITY standpoint, that should also include biodiversity.
In the rapidly maturing biofuel debate,they are faced with complexity of issues and more greater scrutiny for total supply chain implications and environmental impacts.
With this growing interest given the global warming and green house effects due to fossil fuel usage,Biofuel is the future and will be the a bigger part of energy component. The growing interest from more and more governments and nations worldwide are clearly indicating this.
The rapid increase in the US has set more than 35 billion gallons by 2017,while EU legislated target is 10% of all transport fuel to come from biofuel by 2020,while McKinsey & Co estimates that by 2030 one quarter of transport demand worldwide will come from biofuel alone.
Governments and agencies will be increasing biofuels to meet strict criteria for sustainability CO2 emission reduction
It is known that biofuel at lowest save at least 35% of green house gas emissions compared to fossil fuel. In the coming near future, it will be mandatory to reducing emissions.
The eligible biofuels will need to satisfy also other range of environmental guarantees also.
The best biofuels are those based on the energy balance and life cycle of the CO2 emissions which will play the role of lowering the overall CO2 intensity and transport sector.
Worldover in Biofuel.
In Canada, biofuels and oilshales developer Suncor said that it will acquire Petro-Canada in a $14.9 million deal that would create Canada's largest oil company. The transaction would result in $1 billion in savings from combined operations and would be the largest merger in Canada in two years. Suncor operates the 53 Mgy St. Clair ethanol plant in Sarnia, Ontario, which is blended into the company's Sunoco branded gasoline.
In the Philippines, San Carlos Bioenergy announced that it has commenced ethanol production and made its first 420,000 gallon delivery to Petron last week. The company said that, overall, the project will reduce Philippine oil imports by 15 percent. The sugarcane project will produce 8 Mgy of ethanol, 8 MW of power from sugarcane bagasse as part of an overall harvest of 1500 tons of sugar per day.
In China, biodiesel and fossil fuel refiner and distributor China Bio Energy announced that sales rose in the 4th quarter of 2008 by 165 percent to $59,1 million. The company said that adjusted net income rose 209.5 percent to $6.5 million based on a "rise in market demand for finished oil products and bio-diesel", according to the firm.
In Poland, Rzeczpospolita is reporting that Polish Mills and Bakoma is now constructing a 100,000 tonne (30 Mgy) rapeseed based biodiesel facility. The company is also reported to be developing an ethanol production plant to provide fuel for export to Sweden. The Polish government is currently considering a tax holiday on biodiesel; current law also requires a 4.6 percent biodiesel content in diesel fuel.
At World Biofuels Markets, Meaghan Sapp of Pangea Africa said that Africa is now exporting 1 million tonnes of ethanol to Europe, and offered a detailed assessment of current operators, volumes and regional challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa.
At World Biofuels Markets, Peter Defraneschi of Biofuels Cities said that the transport sector in Europe represents 1/3 of all carbon emissions in Europe, but that public opinion remain divided over the use of biofuels. The 1000-member coalition said that sustainability principles are working in Stockholm, Goteburg and Rotterdam.
Friday, March 20, 2009
Foreign investment in Biofuel PNG and SHELL drops others to go biofuel!
Japan’s Cosmo Oil announces $800 million biofuels feedstock project for Papua New Guinea
In Papua New Guinea, Japan’s Cosmo Oil announced that it intends to invest $800 million in the prospective development of corn, cassava and peanuts as biofuels feedstocks.
The company said that it will conduct six months of pre-feasibility studies including crop data gathering, followed by a three-year cultivation trial, prior to final crop selection and full-scale plantation gets underway.
Shell to drop wind, solar, focus on biofuels
In the UK, Shell Oil will abandon wind, solar and hydro and concentrate its renewable energy investments in biofuels, the company announced. The new direction was outlined at a company strategy meeting where executives concluded that other renewable energies were not economically viable, but said that Shell would continue investing in carbon capture and sequuestration.
Shell, the largest global purchaser of biofuels for mandated blending, said that biofuels fit the company’s core strengths in fuels, logistics and trading. Shell recently increased its investment in Codexis and tied the enzyme company investment to support of it joint venture in cellulosic production with Iogen. The company also has an algal fuel joint venture, Cellana, with HR Biopetroleum.
Shell biofuels head Graeme Sweeny will be conducting a free biofuels webinar on April 7th to discuss the company’s thinking on biofuels and interact with participants.
In Papua New Guinea, Japan’s Cosmo Oil announced that it intends to invest $800 million in the prospective development of corn, cassava and peanuts as biofuels feedstocks.
The company said that it will conduct six months of pre-feasibility studies including crop data gathering, followed by a three-year cultivation trial, prior to final crop selection and full-scale plantation gets underway.
Shell to drop wind, solar, focus on biofuels
In the UK, Shell Oil will abandon wind, solar and hydro and concentrate its renewable energy investments in biofuels, the company announced. The new direction was outlined at a company strategy meeting where executives concluded that other renewable energies were not economically viable, but said that Shell would continue investing in carbon capture and sequuestration.
Shell, the largest global purchaser of biofuels for mandated blending, said that biofuels fit the company’s core strengths in fuels, logistics and trading. Shell recently increased its investment in Codexis and tied the enzyme company investment to support of it joint venture in cellulosic production with Iogen. The company also has an algal fuel joint venture, Cellana, with HR Biopetroleum.
Shell biofuels head Graeme Sweeny will be conducting a free biofuels webinar on April 7th to discuss the company’s thinking on biofuels and interact with participants.
Thursday, March 19, 2009
Cassava biofuel feasibility over view
The traditional fossil fuel has powered the East and the West since the age industrialization in 1800s into machine age,computer and space age now.
The fear that grip the word is categorized into two. firstly the cheap power source from fossil fuel is depleting in reserves world wide. Secondly the amount of carbon dioxide put into the atmosphere that is causing climate,direct and indirect changes.
What kind of community (ies) would evolved 30-50 and 100 years from now,climate,environment, flora and fauna ,ocean,atmosphere,climate and what kind of energy source would be cheap and abundant as the fossil fuel was and is now.
These are the questions that scientist are asking that is leading to Biofuel development worldwide.
In my previous articles i have stated that not all biofuel sources may be viable but become viable under certain economic environments.
While developing countries or third world countries are raw material rich, technology and finance may be hindering the development now.
Papua New Guinea is the largest Island country with 475 000 square kilometers ,21 provinces and 6.5 million population, which is sparsely populated with annual fuel consumption not exceeding more than 500 000 liters.
This country is not a poor country but the fuel is the only commodity that make the population very poor today from rich yesterday. In the past 24 months, all class of people begged the Inter oil fuel supplier for sympathy when fuel price hiked. The country went into chaos and government was in ''oh what can we do '' stage.
Despite that experience, the government whose role is to guarantee fuel security by developing alternative fuel such as biofuels is going joyride without any hint of biofuel development.A foreign company has invested in biofuel development from Cassava in the central province of the country.The recent one under feasibility study is in Sepik province ,a foreign investment from Japan Cosmos company.However, these are foreign initiatives.
However, it is now the national responsibility for biofuel development. This is the age of biofuel, it is not optional either but a must.
In this article i want to identify the feasibility of cassava biofuel.
Cassava is a starchy tuber , all of the component is carbohydrate rich and highly lack proteins and lipid. The protein is convertable to simple sugars such as glucose and fructose.The sugars are exposed to microbial enzymes that directly digest them and excrete ethanol. The ethanol is distillated to near purity and blended with fossil fuel.
The sustainability and viability together with affordability are the measurements of economics.
The growth and maturity. The time from harvesting to maturity is practically important. The longer the time of maturity, the the more the spacing and planting must be to accommodate continuous harvesting-planting-processing-supply-demand line.
The labor involved directly increase operational cost. Along these planting to meeting demand,operational cost accumulates . The productivity measures from planting to finished product. How much money is involved per gallon of bioethanol produced. How much energy input and how much energy out put are important measures measuring called emergy.A tractor doing plowing to planting,harvesting and transporting to the processing plant. How much kilowat of energy were used and in return how much we have achieved , comparison gallon by gallon and looking at fossil fuel as competitor measures the sustainability and viability of the projects.
Cassava contain about 25% starch of which can be easily converted to simple sugars, but how about the 75%? the majority of starch is in complex form called polysaccharides, these need enzymes to hydrolyze them to simple sugars. This is the processing part which needs special enzymes which has to be (imported )purchased and utilized. This process will again seek time and energy which will again increase operational cost.
Out in the farm, the space of planting which may concern space and yield per acre is another very important factor affecting sustainability and viability. It yields about 20 tons per acre in the tropics which will be taking about 6-8 months for maturity.
The fear that grip the word is categorized into two. firstly the cheap power source from fossil fuel is depleting in reserves world wide. Secondly the amount of carbon dioxide put into the atmosphere that is causing climate,direct and indirect changes.
What kind of community (ies) would evolved 30-50 and 100 years from now,climate,environment, flora and fauna ,ocean,atmosphere,climate and what kind of energy source would be cheap and abundant as the fossil fuel was and is now.
These are the questions that scientist are asking that is leading to Biofuel development worldwide.
In my previous articles i have stated that not all biofuel sources may be viable but become viable under certain economic environments.
While developing countries or third world countries are raw material rich, technology and finance may be hindering the development now.
Papua New Guinea is the largest Island country with 475 000 square kilometers ,21 provinces and 6.5 million population, which is sparsely populated with annual fuel consumption not exceeding more than 500 000 liters.
This country is not a poor country but the fuel is the only commodity that make the population very poor today from rich yesterday. In the past 24 months, all class of people begged the Inter oil fuel supplier for sympathy when fuel price hiked. The country went into chaos and government was in ''oh what can we do '' stage.
Despite that experience, the government whose role is to guarantee fuel security by developing alternative fuel such as biofuels is going joyride without any hint of biofuel development.A foreign company has invested in biofuel development from Cassava in the central province of the country.The recent one under feasibility study is in Sepik province ,a foreign investment from Japan Cosmos company.However, these are foreign initiatives.
However, it is now the national responsibility for biofuel development. This is the age of biofuel, it is not optional either but a must.
In this article i want to identify the feasibility of cassava biofuel.
Cassava is a starchy tuber , all of the component is carbohydrate rich and highly lack proteins and lipid. The protein is convertable to simple sugars such as glucose and fructose.The sugars are exposed to microbial enzymes that directly digest them and excrete ethanol. The ethanol is distillated to near purity and blended with fossil fuel.
The sustainability and viability together with affordability are the measurements of economics.
The growth and maturity. The time from harvesting to maturity is practically important. The longer the time of maturity, the the more the spacing and planting must be to accommodate continuous harvesting-planting-processing-supply-demand line.
The labor involved directly increase operational cost. Along these planting to meeting demand,operational cost accumulates . The productivity measures from planting to finished product. How much money is involved per gallon of bioethanol produced. How much energy input and how much energy out put are important measures measuring called emergy.A tractor doing plowing to planting,harvesting and transporting to the processing plant. How much kilowat of energy were used and in return how much we have achieved , comparison gallon by gallon and looking at fossil fuel as competitor measures the sustainability and viability of the projects.
Cassava contain about 25% starch of which can be easily converted to simple sugars, but how about the 75%? the majority of starch is in complex form called polysaccharides, these need enzymes to hydrolyze them to simple sugars. This is the processing part which needs special enzymes which has to be (imported )purchased and utilized. This process will again seek time and energy which will again increase operational cost.
Out in the farm, the space of planting which may concern space and yield per acre is another very important factor affecting sustainability and viability. It yields about 20 tons per acre in the tropics which will be taking about 6-8 months for maturity.
Monday, March 16, 2009
Biofuel development advances,Fossil fuel price dip!
Fuel energy !
Biofuel development has been rapid this last 24 months when Fossil fuel price sky rocketed. Everyone searched hogh and low, wood,any waste decaying matter,food based-soya bean,corn,cassava etc..jatropha,algae..etc
All those search slackened when fossil fuel dipped lower than low. It is reported that biofuel processors in US has decreased by 13% & or more for reason directly related to low fossil fuel or related.
The only competitor came on stage and shake the fossil fuel to this low now! Biofuel is champion and the only challenger from the giant fossil fuel monopoly. For goodness sake biofuel has rescued economy and helped low class and middle people this this short time. But this was for only time, how long would dip in fossil fuel last? This will be until the biofuel developers are flattened,the reason being that the competitor must GO! So which side are you?
If we should down our biofuel processing plants,stop the developments then we are doom for the next couple of years as the fossil fuel will try to recover the loss they make by increasing the price higher.
Papua New Guinea has experienced the worst when fuel price increased. Yet is without any biofuel development in process now.The next rise will be unbearable. Enjoy today suffer servery tomorrow situation. This will severly affect lifestyle to the core.
I have send for publication the National on the impacts and causes and issues regarding biofuel for PNG, but was not published unfortunately
Below is the extract news online with what I previously stated and is now.The decrease will continue for a time aiming to murder the biofuel.
PERTH (Reuters) – Oil fell over 3 percent to below $45 a barrel on Monday as traders questioned whether OPEC's decision to enforce better compliance with previous curbs rather than make new production cuts was enough to offset eroding global demand.
While top producer Saudi Arabia had signaled a week ago that it wanted stricter adherence to the cartel's previous 4.2 million barrel per day (bpd) cuts rather than additional formal restraints, other members had campaigned for explicit action now to avert a further rise in already swollen oil inventories.
At its meeting on Sunday in Vienna, OPEC agreed to enforce existing curbs more strictly and said it would meet again at the end of May to review progress, surprising some traders who had expected the group's more hawkish members to prevail.
U.S. light crude for April delivery fell $1.73 to $44.52 a barrel by 12:40 a.m. EDT, after having earlier dropped as low as $43.85. London Brent crude fell $1.52 to $43.41.
"Its a very reasonable decision for OPEC to take at this point, but that means they shouldn't expect to see oil prices at $50 for the foreseeable future," said Jonathan Kornafel, Asia Director of U.S.-based Hudson Capital Energy in Singapore.
OPEC's adherence with previous cuts has been estimated at about 80 percent and full compliance would take away more than 800,000 barrels per day.
The cartel's Angolan President said in an interview on Sunday that the supply curbs had brought some stability to oil markets, although prices remained too low to encourage investment in new supplies.
U.S. Energy Secretary Steven Chu said he was pleased with the outcome.
"The market will now turn its focus on U.S. economic data. We saw some weak data last week which may again pose some downside risks for oil prices," said Mark Pervan, a senior commodities analyst at the Australia & New Zealand Bank.
U.S. ECONOMY DATA
A heavy calendar of economic reports is on tap for the week and negative surprises from any of the releases -- such as Monday's industrial production data or Tuesday's housing start figures -- could drag oil prices lower still, analysts said.
Oil prices have tumbled about $100 from record highs over $147 a barrel in July 2008 as the global economic crisis weighs on energy demand, but it has recovered from levels below $35 a month ago.
An OPEC report released Friday showed world oil demand contracting faster than expected, and the International Energy Agency lowered its oil demand forecast by more than a million barrels per day for 2009.
Still, analysts said gains in the equities market could offer some support for oil prices as traders might adopt a more favorable view of future oil demand on the heels of better economic guidance.
Asian shares rallied to a one-month high on Monday amid easing fears over the health of U.S. banks and after G20 finance ministers promised to use all available tools to fight the global recession.
Crude oil speculators on the New York Mercantile Exchange increased net short positions in the week to March 10, data from the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission released on Friday showed
Saturday, March 14, 2009
Algae Biofuel almost $1.30 per gallon!
Aurora ,Open pond facility. Going 6,000 gallons per hactar! Cheap affordable $1.30 per gallon!
Our top story today covers that of Aurora Biofuels (USA) being highly confident that it will reach 6 000 gallons per acre yields and a cost of $1.30 per gallon of algal fuel!The CEO Roberth Walsh commented confirmed.
The company had done 18 months first generation trial and is confident with its consistent results.
The company recently completed an 18-month first generation trial of its open-pond system, and said that results were consistent with its second-generation goals.
This particular company has made break through in drying process of the raw algae and the crude lipid oil extraction process, therefore, its efficiency improved with high productivity output.
This is the intensive part of the processing, bypassing has reduce operation cost.Given the fact that algae is high oil content by nature naturally..the potential is huge.The technology will now be used to give a go for green energy revolution. At least the technology can now lead us to the ultimate source from which crude oil/fossil fuel originated.
Given the technology of culturing and bioprocessing ,the horizon is lightening up and this venture seem more and more viable and sustainable.
Furthermore Aurora said to be cost competitive with fossil fuels. This company is one of which that has solved the open pond contamination problem and are now going bloom.Along side PetroAlgae, Aurora is now one of the second generation fuel company specializing in algae biofuels.
Thursday, March 12, 2009
PNG student scholars subsidizing DWU student.
Subsidizing stranger friend, DWU final year student Michael Kapu.
Micheal ,a final year health management and administration at Devine Word University . I came to know him when an article about my research were published via Sunday Chronicle. We become good friends by email and speak on agendas of common affecting PNG.
Beginning of this year, I received his personnel mail to me. But one Friday, 20 February, 2009, 3:10 AM.
I received a mail from Micheal Kapu DWU Fri 20th Feb 2009:
Hi my brother,
Nice to hear from you and DWU is OK and other students are busy with their studies but for my case I have not register yet because I do not have enough fees.
It is already week four of the schooling year bad am still hanging around the school to fill my withdrawal form by Monday. My expectations from people who have promise me to pay my school fees have given me negative responses and am lost for words.
Sadly, I will miss my HECAS and self sponsor again next with more money than what I would pay this year. I need only K4300 but nobody is able to help me and my parents could not affort as they are very poor and exhausted.
Bro, I would like to complete my degree (year 4) but school fee is the pain in my neck.......I am running out of words but if you were engaging/working I would ask you if you could help me some amount and register myself at school tomorrow. I have K1200.00 but that can not as the Uni want full payment on the spot.
Thanks for reading my email and could your offer me some options to this problem I am facing?
Michael Drake Kapu..Health Mangement.. Year 4
My mail to all PNG student in China
Dear PNG brothers,sisters,friends,and above all as one from beautiful nation PNG.
Today, I received a letter from a PNG DWU student named Micheal Drake Kapu (please refere to his mail below), a final year student in Health Management.
What got my attention most was that he cannot complete his year 4 this year and preparing for deregisteration this coming Monday (Next week), being a student once in our PNG university, I know the feeling this young promising PNG intellect is feeling,I know the feeling his parents are now, becuase I am feeling myself now.
He is going to be denied his right to study, does not mean he failed, rather commited a crime against the state but will be denied his opportunity ,the effort his poor parents have put through will bring dryness to their aspirations.
Here,Iam a student myself, a young father with a son and his mum, I had just send K800 for my little brother in Asaroka Lutheran Seconary apart from couple of money I have sacrificed to son and wife.
Like wise, I want to commit some hundreds Kina to this young man, I do not care where he comes from , whether or not I know him.What I know is I Love PNG, and I love my people and Iam giving because I am sowing for this great nation.
I want to appeal to us all who are from PNG here (China) now by contribution/donation by whatever amount you can to see this young man complete his final year.
I know you have your little ones out there, but just for once, lets make history,we are great people ,blessed and rightfully rich, lets tell the nation,we are ready to sacrifice our last penny for the good of the nation, lets speak through this situation,lets take the opportunity,lets give and speak volumes, show our people hope, all those we are facing are because of couple of greed people, but lets put that aside,show them we are concern and prepared to present to the natives what is rightfully theirs. This starts now, whether we sneak out and hid behind tinted glass and pretend or do the right thing for the nation, people and for God.
Iam sure, we have our own problems,would I ask for now lets give, give it with our hearts,I am sure it will be first of its kind in the history of PNG, the nation will see us as real people, real leaders and we will give them blessing. I tell you,it will have ripple effect,change atitudes,give insights and blessed those who are needed for the good of the country,PNG.
Mathew,Jeffers,Malcom, I take this time to acknowledge your support to support this young Papua New Guinean. Your contributions as you have promised, and as per our conference meeting online tonight (18/02/09). We agreed that we will send together, which I will collect and send by Moneygram ten minutes service.
The money that you are about to give now will make history tomorrow,will be a testimony in your life that hangs there longer, and in far greater way, you have intellectually did something for the nation that only few have found joy in doing it. This is the best Gift of God to enjoy his Love By Giving. This is the Spirit of the great leaders, we can see through their eyes now when we give!
For those who are willing, I wish to collect the contributions .
Below is my account number.
Gene Drekeke Iyovo.
Bank of China: Card #:6013826102035859951
Wuxi,Jiangsu Province,PRC
Ph # :13771426219262
Skype/msn email: drexgene@yahoo.com
Ensure my Name and card number is okay.
If you have send, please send me email and state the amount you deposit.
To the DWU administration, please do not deregister this student, pardon him and give us time if we students here can help, if so contact me on the detail.
Students, I will process as soon as I get the money and backroll report and receipts. Not one toea will see my pocket.
For those not on my email list, pass this word.
We give not for our own glory, We give because it is the course of goodness and blessings, giving is getting abundantly.
God will abundantly bless you.
Gene Drekeke Iyovo
Biotech,Jiangnan University,PRC
Quickly we agreed online that we must contribute,help also come from PNG staff at our Embassy in Beijing. We then address DWU administration not to deregister him but give us ample time to collect something for this young man.
I cannot force our students but the PNG student started sending contributions. Below is a list of names.
Jeffers Teargun Heptol 800 yuan
Gene Drekeke Iyovo 500 yuan
Ms Liza Gabina ( Third Secretary,PNG embassy ,Beijing) 500 yuan
Albert Tobby 400 yuan
Mathew Yakai 200 yuan
Hosea Livingstong 200 yuan
Malcom Philip Taureka 100 yuan
Collected 2700 yuan, with exchange rate at 6.8 yuan =1 USdollars, we reached 386 US dollars which iwas about K1099 (PNG kina).
Thursday 12th March,2009 I went to bank, did all the exchange transactions and send the Money via Moneygram . Later phoned Michael Kapu gave him the PIN # to collect the sum from Moneygram Wespac Madang,PNG.
I now have 16.65 yuan, will put for offering to our in house fellowship this sunday.
I called Michael by phone from CHINA.
Their was a mixture of high appreciation, joy –surprise, tear filled voice on the other hand of the line in PNG, a stranger to stranger communicating for his delivery. He could not even say a thank you because he was not prepared, and the word for not enough.
My personal note:
I do not give to seek praises of man. I am just sick and tired of greed,corruption,nepotism,lies stealing,poor government services, high unemployment rate,crime and violence that is crippling this nation to its four. I cannot sit back here and pretend and let someone precious like Micheal turned back because of MONEY! Parents sell their pigs,livestock,food crop,time,energy etc and year after year smart potential, someone who would speak like Barack Obama,Nelson Mandela, Abraham Lincolin or Iambak Okuk like minded who would bring PNG to hundred years of prosperity ARE TURNED AWAY.
What do we then collect? We have rich getting richer who are inexperience in status of live, giving and helping is foreign element in their blood. Mindset and heart without knowledge and experience for National prosperity,development and unity.
For me, if it is to make a difference for Micheal for the goodness of the 6.5 million PNGs ,what do I gain from my own greed and achievement? If Micheal has to be that someone for this nation, let it be so.
I am a village man,I am greatly challenged by Great China here. I have seen common families eat three balance meal a day! My father used to tell me about very very cheap life in their times, China is experiencing that.I urge PNG to travel Great China and experience the life here to agree! There is zero record of crime and violence in the city I lived! Road and transport is mighty.
Mind you, there are more than 200 universities and every year 15-20 thousand new intakes totaling about 6 million new students, the government pays them well -A government for THE PEOPLE. The is the challenge as a foreigner from PNG self promote Paradise ,built on minerals floating on oil and gas but poverty stricken communities.
I am not pretending and enjoying great blessings of China HERE but I am CHALLENGED!
I dream of PNG becoming one of the richest in the Pacific.
The time when Our police are happy, Nurses and doctors are happy, Military is strong, Students are happy, parents are happy ,crime is non existent,womenfolk walk the city free, food is surplus and the people are satisfied. The nation is blessed.
http://www.mathewyakai.blogspot.com/
Wednesday, March 11, 2009
Today in Biofuels.(Research grant: Algae http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/10/carbon-trust-issues-algae-biofuel-challenge.php
Human food to Machine.
The hunt low and high ,processing,production and commercialization of renewable energy has one frightening knowledge. The fact is that, the cheap traditional fuel that has supported the world for past 200 plus years is almost ending. The days are numbered. The effort world wide is to develop alternative means of energy whether be blended with the traditional or used pure is to maintain the equilibrium of supply and demand steadily.
Whatever the source maybe,the main agenda of concern is supply and price. America for instance has relied too much on foriegn oil,even bend laws to fed its increasing fuel demands,while fighting terrorism and paying off with oil money that even arm the terrorist..who may know?
Pouring more carbon dioxide into the air from fossil fuel stored away in the earth crust is also causing dramatic ecological changes,increasing ocean pH due to carbon acid formation by dissolving carbon dioxide. Such may result in changes in biological systems,extinction of sea creatures,changes in food chain and energy transfer.
Today in Biofuel development highlights the following:
Merrill Lynch has projected that the US ethanol market is bottoming out, and projects an increase in ethanol prices as "mandated targets will continue to push up consumption against a constrained supply environment," the brokerage wrote in a recent report. The firm reduced its 2009 projections for ethanol production by 200,000 barrels per day to 1.9 million, or 29.17 billion gallons.
In Mississippi, PetroSun is reporting data on its proposed business model of converting catfish ponds to algae fuel production. The company is offering catfish farmers in Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Alabama an oil lease-like system including a $50 per acre one-time signup payment, and advance payments of $100 per acre per year with a potential income for farmers of $1000 to $1200 per acre.
In Iowa, researchers from Iowa State University and the University of Tennessee are reporting that direct-to-processor corn sales, bypassing the grain elevator middleman, has sharply increased. Their study, "Impact of Biofuel Industry Expansion on Grain Utilization and Distribution: Preliminary Results of Iowa Grain and Biofuel Survey," reports that 27 percent of corn is now sold directly to processors, up from 13 percent in 1999.
From Seeking Alpha: "Good: The 9 billion gallons of ethanol that Americans used last year helped drive down oil prices...Bad: Over one billion people are hungry or starving..Ugly: It's a tough time to make money with ethanol...Beautiful: the transition to electric drive systems and the development of next generation biofuels.
In Brazil, Uniduto said that it will commence construction of a new major ethanol pipeline from the sugarcane production areas in Sao Paulo state to Santos. The first phase budget is $759 million, and will result in 375 miles of pipeline that will be in operation by the 2011-12 cane season. Cosan, Copersucar, Sao Martinho and Crystalsev are participating in the venture.
The BNDES state development bank said that it will advance $1.05 billion to ethanol producers to provide funding for ethanol reserves, to ward off the potential of falling ethanol prices from dumping excess production on a weak fuel market. The Agriculture ministry said that up to 870 million gallons will be placed into reserve.
The Petrobras BiocombustÃvel announced that it will invest $2.8 billion in its biodiesel and ethanol business between 2009 to 2013, an 87 percent increase from its previous plan. The company aid that, as part of the total investment, it would channel $400 million for infrastructure and $520 million for R&D. 80 percent of the funds will be invested in ethanol, with the remaining 20 percent invested in biodiesel.
In India, Hindustan Petroleum said that it will invest $116 million to re-start sugarcane mills it has acquired in Bihar. The plants will produce sugar, ethanol and 100 MW of power from sugarcane bagasse. Ethanol capacity at each mill will be 12 Mgy, based on a mill crushing capacity of 3500 metric tons per day.
In Washington, USDA Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack indicated that he would support a move towards 12 or 13 percent ethanol blending, following the submission of a formal request to the EPA to move to E15 submitted by trade group Growth Energy. "We'd love to see 15 percent. Right now my focus is on 12, 13 percent because I think it is doable more quickly," Vilsack told Reuters.
The ethanol trade group Growth Energy said that 136,000 jobs would be created along with $24 billion increase in economic activity if E15 blending is allowed by the EPA, increasing the market for domestically produced fuel. A North Dakota State University study found that US ethanol consumption could rise to 20.4 billion gallons of ethanol per year based on E15 and a domestic market of 136 billion gallons of ethanol.
In Kentucky, Kreido Biofuels announced the sale of all its material assets to Four Rivers BioEnergy, which thereby acquires Kreido's spinning tube-in-tube STT reactors, and modular biodiesel production plant equipment. The purchase price for the assets was $2.8 million in cash, 1,200,000 shares of Four Rivers BioEnergy common stock, warrants, and the assumption of certain purchase obligations.
In Ohio, AlgaeVenture Systems will announce a new major algae dewatering system that lowers the cost of drying algae by 99 percent compared to centrifuge, or flocculation. breakthrough later this morning in a webinar for investors. "Our system currently provides a ton of dry mass at $1.72 ($1.90 metric ton) from a solution concentration of 3g/l microalgae," said AlgaeVenture Systems CEO Ross Youngs.
In Canada, HyPower Fuel said that it would file for patent protection in North America and multiple countries in Asia for its "next generation" biodiesel technology. The HyPower process uses essentially no catalysts or water to produce biodiesel. All inputs are recovered or converted to saleable products, according to the firm.
KL Energy Corporation and Prairie Green Renewable Energy announced their intention to construct a 5 Mgy wood-waste cellulosic ethanol plant near Hudson Bay, Saskatchewan. The Northeast Saskatchewan Renewable Energy Facility will utilize KL Energy's cellulosic ethanol technology.
Garbrook Knowledge Resources is presenting a comprehensive, in depth view of Algae as a biofuels feedstock, the current state of the industry, ongoing research and development activities, as well as science and technology progress and challenges, in a webinar Wednesday at 11:00-12:30pm EDT. Cost of the webinar is $149, which is based on the Garbrook Advanced Biofuels Resource (ABR),which comprises over 5,000 Digital Pages that contain over 370,000 industry facts and reference over 50,000 sources.
In Ghana, Galten Global Alternative Energy has commenced a jatropha trial on 99 acres, and said that it would expand cultivation up to 25,000 acres and produce 4 Mgy of jatropha oil per year if the trial is successful. The Israeli start up joins companies such as Gold Star Biofuels and Scanfuel, which are both planting jatropha on 5 million and 22,000 acres, respectively.
In New Zealand, Pete Bethune, skipper of the round-the-world speedboat Earthrace, said that "It is ironic that a Kiwi beat a world record using a bio-fuelled boat, but we can't get biofuels in our own country. I am embarrassed that the world thinks of New Zealand as a leader in biofuels because of the success of Earthrace, when we are actually behind everyone else.
Biodiesel New Zealand reconsiders expansion
Solid Energy's subsidiary Biodiesel New Zealand is proceeding with its development plans, increasing capacity at its existing Christchurch facility to 4 million litres a year, but reconsidering stage two of its plans.
In Indonesia, Mother Earth Plantations announced that it will invest $100 million over four year for the first large-scale jatropha project in Indonesia., The project will be located in West Timor, on 1 million hectares of land, and will have a capacity of 8.8 Mgy of jatropha oil by 2013, increasing to $29 Mgy in future years.
In Japan, Japan Bio Energy Development Corp announced that it will form a joint venture in Myanmar, Japan-Myanmar Green Energy, and will export 5,000 tons of seeds in 2009. The company said it will commence operation in 2010 of a jatropha oil mill. Myanmar has two million hectares of jatropha under cultivation, or as much as 90% of global jatropha acreage.
In the UK, the 2009 World Touring Car Championship announced that it will convert to B10 biodiesel and E10 ethanol supplied by the Italian petrochemical firm Panta. The WTCC said that it would use ethanol made from industrial waste rather than food crops.
UK launches biogas task force
According to The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), the UK produces more than 100 million tonnes of organic material per year that could be used to produce biogas.
Energy company BP and cellulosic ethanol developer Verenium have announced the formation of a 50-50 joint venture to develop and commercialise cellulosic ethanol from non-food feedstocks.
The companies have agreed to commit $45 million (€35.7 million) in funding and assets to the joint venture company.
BP and Verenium form cellulosic ethanol partnership:
The joint venture company will initially focus on developing and securing financing for a first commercial-scale cellulosic ethanol facility in Highlands County, Florida, and expects to break ground on that site in 2010.
BioGasol secures second generation ethanol funding
Denmark-based renewable energy company BioGasol has received €10.4 million to help finance its 5 million litre (1.3 mgy) BornBioFuel cellulosic ethanol demonstration plant project in Bornholm, Denmark.
Biopetrol undergoes restructuring
Switzerland-headquartered biodiesel producer Biopetrol has announced a major corporate restructuring, but will continue output at both its major German biodiesel plants on a short-time working basis.
German collaboration announces biogas plants
RWE Innogy and the Westphalia-Lippe Agricultural Association (WLV) have announced plans to construct and operate biogas plants run almost entirely on liquid manure.
Praj cellulosic ethanol plant proves success
Praj Industries’ cellulosic ethanol pilot plant at Praj Matrix in India has successfully demonstrated production of ethanol from corn cobs and sugarcane bagasse under varying operating conditions.
Sudan to launch first ethanol plant,Sudan's first ethanol plant, state-owned Kenana Sugar Co.'s (KSC), is due to begin operations at the end of March.
Earth Biofuels to upgrade biodiesel facility
Texas-based Earth Biofuels has finalised funds for upgrades to its 10 mgy Oklahoma biodiesel production facility.
Vattenfall to run power plants on biomass
Swedish power utility Vattenfall plans to convert its power plant facilities in Denmark to use large quantities of biomass fuel instead of coal.
Tuesday, March 10, 2009
HOME OF THE BELIEVERS.
AWAY FROM ALL THE PROBLEMS: THE NEW HOME
No need of power,light,energy,food,studies,pains,struggles,lies,cheats,corrupt,racism,low class -high class,poor,color distinction, etc.....
Monday, March 9, 2009
Algae biofuel maybe the only potential alternative long after Fossil fuel is gone.
Algae were the first living things to dominate the entire world before all others hundreds of millions of years ago according to scientific evidence. From algae come our crude oil, nature processed that took millions of years under heat and pressure into fossil fuel. The algae is still here but the fossil fuel is fast depleting, long after fossil fuel is gone, we will still have algae here. Today's science is turning the millions of years process for raw algae by hours.
FROM ALGAE COME FUEL,NOW THE FUEL IS FAST DEPLETING,LONG AFTER FUEL IS GONE,ALGAE WILL BE HERE.
From this angle is does make sense.The wise invest for the raining season.
Below is an article(July 15, 2008) from inline with algae from www.thetrumpet.com
Oil prices recently hit $140 per barrel. The cost to grow and transport food is rising in tandem, and the global economy is being squeezed. Meanwhile pollution from burning fossil fuels continues to pollute the planet. The world needs an abundant source of clean, transportable, inexpensive fuel. Could microscopic algae hold a key to that future?
There has been a lot of hype surrounding oil production from algae lately. Visionaries claim algae holds the key to energy independence, but as exciting as oil produced from algae is, the reality is that a fossil-fuel-free economy is probably farther off than many think. That said, read on to find out why algae oil could also have a far brighter role in the future economy than most people might imagine.
“Algae is the ultimate in renewable energy,” says Glen Kertz, president and ceo of Valcent Products. Kertz is a plant biologist currently marketing his patented design for producing fuel from algae.
As it turns out, under the right conditions, many of these microscopic organisms can be very efficient at harnessing the power of the sun to create vegetable oil. They are much more efficient than corn, soybeans or palm trees—sources currently used to produce fuel for vehicles. According to Department of Energy research prepared by the Department of Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory (nrel), 15,000 gallons of algae oil could theoretically be produced from one acre of land every year. Kertz claims his company is working on a technique that has the potential to produce 100,000 gallons of algae oil a year per acre of land use.
Compare that to soybeans, which yield only about 50 gallons of bio-diesel per acre; corn, which produces 300 gallons of ethanol; sugar cane, which produces 662 gallons of ethanol; or oil palm, which produces 508 gallons.
Plus, algae can be grown on land that is unsuitable for agriculture—completely removing the fuel-food competition that is developing within the corn industry. In fact, some of the ideal locations for growing algae could be in the deserts. Some types of the oil-producing microbes even grow best in salt or brackish water, and others perform most efficiently when fed agricultural waste or sewage.
“The promise is huge, [but] the technical challenges are major,” says Philip Pienkos, a supervisor at nrel. Yet, “just like fusion, the potential for making a cheap source of energy with minimum inherent problems is too great to ignore.”
There are currently two different methods being used to grow and harvest the oil-producing algae, but both of them have hurdles to overcome.
The first technique was studied back in 1978 just after the fuel shocks due to the Arab oil embargo. Using this method, algae are grown in large open-air ponds. Carbon dioxide or other nutrient sources are added to the water (which does not have to be potable), and as the algae grows, it is harvested. From a technical perspective, the disadvantage of this method is that the open-air structure is susceptible to contamination. For example, bacteria from bird droppings could potentially enter the ponds and grow to compete with the oil algae—resulting in a harvest that produces little oil. Open-air structures can also lead to high water evaporation rates. The U.S. Department of Energy studied the open pond method for about 18 years, but in 1996 the feds decided that algae oil could never be economically competitive with fossil fuels, so the research was canned. The price of oil in 1996 was about $20 a barrel. Now with $140 per barrel oil, interest in research has returned.
The Wall Street Journal reports on green algae fuel.The second technique involves growing algae in enclosed hanging plastic sheets in giant greenhouses designed to maximize sunlight exposure and keep contaminants out. The algae oil yield can theoretically be much higher using this method (100,000 gallons per acre per year), but so are the costs involved with building the infrastructure. And currently, scientists haven’t figured out a way to keep the plastic from eventually becoming clogged with algae (click here for video).
Both methods have other advantages. For example, besides producing oil (some algae contain far more than 50 percent oil), other useful products could be captured. The harvested starches could be transformed into ethanol, the proteins could potentially be used as feed stock for fish aquacultures, and the leftover waste could be burned in furnaces to generate another stream of energy.
Algae oil doesn’t produce as much pollution either. Burning algae oil is cleaner than other petroleum products because it doesn’t add to atmospheric CO2 levels. When oil is pumped from the ground and burned, CO2 is released, adding to the total concentration in the atmosphere. But, since algae takes in CO2 from the surface environment (not from deep within the earth where it is locked away) and converts it to oil and other products, no new CO2 enters the system when it is burned.
The niceties involved in oil-from-algae production are readily clear. But despite the fact that algae oil is cleaner than fossil fuels, and is more productive than other alternative fuels, the challenges associated with implementing a national algae-to-oil program would be significant.
With current technology, a lot of land would be required to produce enough algae oil to cover fuel demand.
America, for example, consumes approximately 3.4 billion barrels of gasoline and about 1.5 billion barrels of diesel per year. Since diesel engines are approximately 35 percent more efficient than gasoline engines, America would need roughly 2.21 billion barrels of algae oil to replace gasoline. All told, to replace both gasoline and diesel consumption with algae oil, 3.71 billion barrels of biodiesel (155 billion gallons) would be needed each year.
Therefore, if an acre of land produces 15,000 gallons of oil per year (as was estimated by the nrel, but was never actually reached), the nation would need to dedicate 10.4 million acres (16,250 square miles) to algae oil production. The Southwest’s Mojave Desert is approximately 22,000 square miles.
Turning an area the size of the Mojave into a lake obviously isn’t feasible. The hope is that oil yields will increase as technology advances. If Glen Kertz’s 100,000-gallons-per-acre claim is true and is ever reached, algae oil could become a very useful future energy source.
The cost involved to finance the construction of all the algae-to-oil facilities would also run into the hundreds of billions—even trillions. Then there is all the opposition that would be generated by the oil companies, Russia and the Middle East oil producers (who collectively hold trillions of dollars of U.S. debt) and other self-interest groups.
The fact is, as promising as algae oil might be, it isn’t about to provide any near-term solutions to the world’s energy problems. But that doesn’t mean we shouldn’t look to the future.
Eventually, a clean, easily transportable and abundant fuel source will be found.
The Bible indicates that there is a future time coming when the world will be free from the problems plaguing society today. That utopian time is called the Millennium. It will be a time of peace, abundance, environmental cleanliness and prosperity. It is exciting to think about what technologies await us in that future world. Who knows what undiscovered and unharnessed aspects of nature wait to be unlocked in that future time?
Will algae oil be one of them? Maybe. After all, it seems reasonable that the God of the universe who created the algae that are 50 percent oil, created them that way for a reason (Isaiah 45:18).
FROM ALGAE COME FUEL,NOW THE FUEL IS FAST DEPLETING,LONG AFTER FUEL IS GONE,ALGAE WILL BE HERE.
From this angle is does make sense.The wise invest for the raining season.
Below is an article(July 15, 2008) from inline with algae from www.thetrumpet.com
Oil prices recently hit $140 per barrel. The cost to grow and transport food is rising in tandem, and the global economy is being squeezed. Meanwhile pollution from burning fossil fuels continues to pollute the planet. The world needs an abundant source of clean, transportable, inexpensive fuel. Could microscopic algae hold a key to that future?
There has been a lot of hype surrounding oil production from algae lately. Visionaries claim algae holds the key to energy independence, but as exciting as oil produced from algae is, the reality is that a fossil-fuel-free economy is probably farther off than many think. That said, read on to find out why algae oil could also have a far brighter role in the future economy than most people might imagine.
“Algae is the ultimate in renewable energy,” says Glen Kertz, president and ceo of Valcent Products. Kertz is a plant biologist currently marketing his patented design for producing fuel from algae.
As it turns out, under the right conditions, many of these microscopic organisms can be very efficient at harnessing the power of the sun to create vegetable oil. They are much more efficient than corn, soybeans or palm trees—sources currently used to produce fuel for vehicles. According to Department of Energy research prepared by the Department of Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory (nrel), 15,000 gallons of algae oil could theoretically be produced from one acre of land every year. Kertz claims his company is working on a technique that has the potential to produce 100,000 gallons of algae oil a year per acre of land use.
Compare that to soybeans, which yield only about 50 gallons of bio-diesel per acre; corn, which produces 300 gallons of ethanol; sugar cane, which produces 662 gallons of ethanol; or oil palm, which produces 508 gallons.
Plus, algae can be grown on land that is unsuitable for agriculture—completely removing the fuel-food competition that is developing within the corn industry. In fact, some of the ideal locations for growing algae could be in the deserts. Some types of the oil-producing microbes even grow best in salt or brackish water, and others perform most efficiently when fed agricultural waste or sewage.
“The promise is huge, [but] the technical challenges are major,” says Philip Pienkos, a supervisor at nrel. Yet, “just like fusion, the potential for making a cheap source of energy with minimum inherent problems is too great to ignore.”
There are currently two different methods being used to grow and harvest the oil-producing algae, but both of them have hurdles to overcome.
The first technique was studied back in 1978 just after the fuel shocks due to the Arab oil embargo. Using this method, algae are grown in large open-air ponds. Carbon dioxide or other nutrient sources are added to the water (which does not have to be potable), and as the algae grows, it is harvested. From a technical perspective, the disadvantage of this method is that the open-air structure is susceptible to contamination. For example, bacteria from bird droppings could potentially enter the ponds and grow to compete with the oil algae—resulting in a harvest that produces little oil. Open-air structures can also lead to high water evaporation rates. The U.S. Department of Energy studied the open pond method for about 18 years, but in 1996 the feds decided that algae oil could never be economically competitive with fossil fuels, so the research was canned. The price of oil in 1996 was about $20 a barrel. Now with $140 per barrel oil, interest in research has returned.
The Wall Street Journal reports on green algae fuel.The second technique involves growing algae in enclosed hanging plastic sheets in giant greenhouses designed to maximize sunlight exposure and keep contaminants out. The algae oil yield can theoretically be much higher using this method (100,000 gallons per acre per year), but so are the costs involved with building the infrastructure. And currently, scientists haven’t figured out a way to keep the plastic from eventually becoming clogged with algae (click here for video).
Both methods have other advantages. For example, besides producing oil (some algae contain far more than 50 percent oil), other useful products could be captured. The harvested starches could be transformed into ethanol, the proteins could potentially be used as feed stock for fish aquacultures, and the leftover waste could be burned in furnaces to generate another stream of energy.
Algae oil doesn’t produce as much pollution either. Burning algae oil is cleaner than other petroleum products because it doesn’t add to atmospheric CO2 levels. When oil is pumped from the ground and burned, CO2 is released, adding to the total concentration in the atmosphere. But, since algae takes in CO2 from the surface environment (not from deep within the earth where it is locked away) and converts it to oil and other products, no new CO2 enters the system when it is burned.
The niceties involved in oil-from-algae production are readily clear. But despite the fact that algae oil is cleaner than fossil fuels, and is more productive than other alternative fuels, the challenges associated with implementing a national algae-to-oil program would be significant.
With current technology, a lot of land would be required to produce enough algae oil to cover fuel demand.
America, for example, consumes approximately 3.4 billion barrels of gasoline and about 1.5 billion barrels of diesel per year. Since diesel engines are approximately 35 percent more efficient than gasoline engines, America would need roughly 2.21 billion barrels of algae oil to replace gasoline. All told, to replace both gasoline and diesel consumption with algae oil, 3.71 billion barrels of biodiesel (155 billion gallons) would be needed each year.
Therefore, if an acre of land produces 15,000 gallons of oil per year (as was estimated by the nrel, but was never actually reached), the nation would need to dedicate 10.4 million acres (16,250 square miles) to algae oil production. The Southwest’s Mojave Desert is approximately 22,000 square miles.
Turning an area the size of the Mojave into a lake obviously isn’t feasible. The hope is that oil yields will increase as technology advances. If Glen Kertz’s 100,000-gallons-per-acre claim is true and is ever reached, algae oil could become a very useful future energy source.
The cost involved to finance the construction of all the algae-to-oil facilities would also run into the hundreds of billions—even trillions. Then there is all the opposition that would be generated by the oil companies, Russia and the Middle East oil producers (who collectively hold trillions of dollars of U.S. debt) and other self-interest groups.
The fact is, as promising as algae oil might be, it isn’t about to provide any near-term solutions to the world’s energy problems. But that doesn’t mean we shouldn’t look to the future.
Eventually, a clean, easily transportable and abundant fuel source will be found.
The Bible indicates that there is a future time coming when the world will be free from the problems plaguing society today. That utopian time is called the Millennium. It will be a time of peace, abundance, environmental cleanliness and prosperity. It is exciting to think about what technologies await us in that future world. Who knows what undiscovered and unharnessed aspects of nature wait to be unlocked in that future time?
Will algae oil be one of them? Maybe. After all, it seems reasonable that the God of the universe who created the algae that are 50 percent oil, created them that way for a reason (Isaiah 45:18).
Thursday, March 5, 2009
Global warming ,alot of fabricated lies and miss understandings.
Most of the organizations today are and so called leaders who are ill educated in real science are dissipating false alarms and signals of nature oriented issues.
I had in my previous articles stated that most of global warming issues or agendas are shallow and rich make strategies and policies for their own gains. Governments and organizations with godless experts give foul information and cause fear in people to focus on agendas that are lies.
Such is global warming campaigners,taking huge tax from polluters or potential inline. In fact less than 1% of the 6 billion people agree global warming is real when in fact is fabricated with lies and hidden agendas, climate change fear is prevalent because of high profile fear filled journalism, articles ,speeches and mass media information by people who do not do a simple laboratory test! Just because one powerful politician says so everyone must believe and follow. How much does that individual know about science and God?
While real scientist and sciences indicated that global warming is in fact not true ,temperate rise for the past 30 centuries was less than 0.1 degree Celsius. Modern technologies invented today are used to measure CO2/CH4 and started alarming people when such has existed for Human kind...see what God put up there?
What a bunch of lies ,taxing high income ,predicting worst and feeding fear to ill educated godless population and taking advantages.
Stupid sciences started indicating fossil fuel, in fact to some extend is true,deforestation, encourage tree planting, green environment..etc..now then blaming animals and campaigning that animals are contributors Methane and that producers should be taxed!
Third world countries like PNG cannot make a success difference in Hundred years of these campaigns.About 5.5 million of the 6 million people are still living in bush material houses,poor stone age life style, 7 days a week poor diet,no infrastructure,no development and now the government is talking about issues that will not change people! Climate changes,where is the control ,main switch, can some one switched on? Rather would advice we should just concern about how much development per year scale, goods and services and improve lifestyle.But be conscious of such,first leave it to the big guys out there who will look thru their binoculars and predict the future.But poor little nations,lets change our living styles,modernize,produce, industrialize and bring confidence and happiness to struggling population.For heaven's sake change people not climate!
I think God who created the Universe and hang the EARTH ON NOTHING HAS MORE TO SAY ....I wonder how much He must have laughed at our STUPIDITY!
Carbon dioxide and methane, the global warming gases co_ existed billion of years in equilibrium maintaining carbon cycle and energy transfer via biological systems.
Third world countries are fooled into accepting big lies ,wasting money ,taxing and preaching lies that will not affect the atmospheric temperature by less than a degree. Shut your offices, bring down goods and services to your people,alleviate poverty and make changes. Leave the problem to God...Little humans!
Below is from www.thetrumpet.com ,an article inline with what I always believe. Praise God.
Unbelievable! Where will the liberal set lead us next?
First it was methane-producing cows that were endangering the planet through their gaseous contributions to “global warming.” Now, believe it or not, it’s belching lambs! What next—burping bandicoots?
Reporting from Palmerston North in New Zealand, Patrick Barta wrote in a Wall Street Journal front-page report, “On a typical day, researchers in this college town coax hungry sheep into metal carts. They wheel the fluffy beasts into sealed chambers and feed them grass, then wait for them to burp.
“The exercise is part of a global effort to keep sheep, deer, cows and other livestock from belching methane when they eat and regurgitate grass” (February 26).
And the reason for this marvel of scientific experimentation? “Methane is among the most potent greenhouse gases, and researchers now believe livestock industries are a major contributor to climate change, responsible for more greenhouse-gas emissions than cars are, according to the United Nations.”
Can you really believe this? Or do you think according to the common sense of many a farmer, as the Journal muses, that “the problem of sheep burps is so much hot air”?
Believe it or not, the greenies are pushing for a “burp tax” on all bovines, and “some activists are urging consumers to stop buying meat and thus slow climate change” (ibid.).
If this does not reveal a streak of madness prevalent in the liberal mind, then I’m a monkey’s uncle. Unbelievably, these folk, who on the one hand wave placards touting “animal rights,” ostensibly despairing of the slaughter of animals for human consumption, on the other try to stop the normal functioning of a live animal via experiments where “they have even tried feeding the animals chloroform, which can stymie the production of gas if it doesn’t kill the animal” (ibid.).
What reveals the mentally aberrant liberal agenda behind all this is the UN’s attachment to the hilarious claim that livestock bear a responsibility for the warming of the planet.
Come on!
Any decent researcher worth his salt knows that the UN handed its collective mind over to liberal madness decades ago. What’s really behind the UN anti-animal farming agenda is the liberal push to eliminate animal husbandry from the planet and convert us all into a feminist, politically correct, multicultural, neuter-gender conglomerate of godless, evolutionist herb-eating vegetarians!
The global warming push has even bred a new profession, “livestock emissions research,” which one scientist admits would be but a fringe science if it was not for “all the interest in climate change” (ibid.). In other words, it will quickly fade away if the fashion changes back to “global cooling” as it did some 30 years ago!
The whole thing is utterly ridiculous and defies logic, at least the logic of a two-feet-planted-squarely-on-the-ground realist!
What makes this all the more ludicrous is that, increasingly, the global warmists are finding themselves out on a limb as more and more scientists declare their hand as viewing climate change being founded on plain bad science! One of the latest reports comes from a U.S. Environment and Public Works full committee hearing last Wednesday. Marc Morano reports that during the hearing, titled “Update on the Latest Global Warming Science,” “Award-winning Princeton University physicist Dr. Will Happer declared man-made global warming fears ‘mistaken’ and noted that the Earth was currently in a ‘CO2 famine now.’ Happer … has published over 200 peer-reviewed scientific papers …. Happer was reportedly fired by former Vice President Al Gore in 1993 for failing to adhere to Gore’s scientific views” (U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, February 25).
Veteran psychiatrist Dr. Lyle Rossiter opines that the mindset behind much of liberal thinking is very like a kind of psychological disorder. “A social scientist who understands human nature will not dismiss the vital roles of free choice, voluntary cooperation and moral integrity—as liberals do.” Of the few remaining political realists, he states, “[A] legislator who understands human nature will not create an environment of rules which over-regulates and over-taxes the nation’s citizens, corrupts their character and reduces them to wards of the state—as liberals do” (The Liberal Mind: The Psychological Causes of Political Madness).
Yet such a crazy approach is behind the global-warmist-anti-bovine-burping element within society that has been given carte blanche by our liberal mass media to brainwash us into caving in to such mad rules as those designed to limit our “carbon footprint,” or be taxed if we don’t.
Dr. Rossiter declares that “When the modern liberal mind whines about imaginary victims, rages against imaginary villains and seeks above all else to run the lives of persons competent to run their own lives, the neurosis of the liberal mind becomes painfully obvious.”
Well, what more could we expect than that which we got in the U.S., the UK, Australia and New Zealand as the political pendulum swung left? Truly it is all so pathetic, but in reality it is all so PROPHETIC! After all, the Eternal God declared millennia ago that if His people rebelled against Him, as their civilization teetered on the brink, it would be in a time when those who ruled over us would have the mentality of feminized babes, which would ultimately lead many to just plain madness (Isaiah 3:4; Deuteronomy 28:28).
For a clear-minded view on reality and the true human potential in relation to the environment, read our book The Incredible Human Potential. •
I had in my previous articles stated that most of global warming issues or agendas are shallow and rich make strategies and policies for their own gains. Governments and organizations with godless experts give foul information and cause fear in people to focus on agendas that are lies.
Such is global warming campaigners,taking huge tax from polluters or potential inline. In fact less than 1% of the 6 billion people agree global warming is real when in fact is fabricated with lies and hidden agendas, climate change fear is prevalent because of high profile fear filled journalism, articles ,speeches and mass media information by people who do not do a simple laboratory test! Just because one powerful politician says so everyone must believe and follow. How much does that individual know about science and God?
While real scientist and sciences indicated that global warming is in fact not true ,temperate rise for the past 30 centuries was less than 0.1 degree Celsius. Modern technologies invented today are used to measure CO2/CH4 and started alarming people when such has existed for Human kind...see what God put up there?
What a bunch of lies ,taxing high income ,predicting worst and feeding fear to ill educated godless population and taking advantages.
Stupid sciences started indicating fossil fuel, in fact to some extend is true,deforestation, encourage tree planting, green environment..etc..now then blaming animals and campaigning that animals are contributors Methane and that producers should be taxed!
Third world countries like PNG cannot make a success difference in Hundred years of these campaigns.About 5.5 million of the 6 million people are still living in bush material houses,poor stone age life style, 7 days a week poor diet,no infrastructure,no development and now the government is talking about issues that will not change people! Climate changes,where is the control ,main switch, can some one switched on? Rather would advice we should just concern about how much development per year scale, goods and services and improve lifestyle.But be conscious of such,first leave it to the big guys out there who will look thru their binoculars and predict the future.But poor little nations,lets change our living styles,modernize,produce, industrialize and bring confidence and happiness to struggling population.For heaven's sake change people not climate!
I think God who created the Universe and hang the EARTH ON NOTHING HAS MORE TO SAY ....I wonder how much He must have laughed at our STUPIDITY!
Carbon dioxide and methane, the global warming gases co_ existed billion of years in equilibrium maintaining carbon cycle and energy transfer via biological systems.
Third world countries are fooled into accepting big lies ,wasting money ,taxing and preaching lies that will not affect the atmospheric temperature by less than a degree. Shut your offices, bring down goods and services to your people,alleviate poverty and make changes. Leave the problem to God...Little humans!
Below is from www.thetrumpet.com ,an article inline with what I always believe. Praise God.
Unbelievable! Where will the liberal set lead us next?
First it was methane-producing cows that were endangering the planet through their gaseous contributions to “global warming.” Now, believe it or not, it’s belching lambs! What next—burping bandicoots?
Reporting from Palmerston North in New Zealand, Patrick Barta wrote in a Wall Street Journal front-page report, “On a typical day, researchers in this college town coax hungry sheep into metal carts. They wheel the fluffy beasts into sealed chambers and feed them grass, then wait for them to burp.
“The exercise is part of a global effort to keep sheep, deer, cows and other livestock from belching methane when they eat and regurgitate grass” (February 26).
And the reason for this marvel of scientific experimentation? “Methane is among the most potent greenhouse gases, and researchers now believe livestock industries are a major contributor to climate change, responsible for more greenhouse-gas emissions than cars are, according to the United Nations.”
Can you really believe this? Or do you think according to the common sense of many a farmer, as the Journal muses, that “the problem of sheep burps is so much hot air”?
Believe it or not, the greenies are pushing for a “burp tax” on all bovines, and “some activists are urging consumers to stop buying meat and thus slow climate change” (ibid.).
If this does not reveal a streak of madness prevalent in the liberal mind, then I’m a monkey’s uncle. Unbelievably, these folk, who on the one hand wave placards touting “animal rights,” ostensibly despairing of the slaughter of animals for human consumption, on the other try to stop the normal functioning of a live animal via experiments where “they have even tried feeding the animals chloroform, which can stymie the production of gas if it doesn’t kill the animal” (ibid.).
What reveals the mentally aberrant liberal agenda behind all this is the UN’s attachment to the hilarious claim that livestock bear a responsibility for the warming of the planet.
Come on!
Any decent researcher worth his salt knows that the UN handed its collective mind over to liberal madness decades ago. What’s really behind the UN anti-animal farming agenda is the liberal push to eliminate animal husbandry from the planet and convert us all into a feminist, politically correct, multicultural, neuter-gender conglomerate of godless, evolutionist herb-eating vegetarians!
The global warming push has even bred a new profession, “livestock emissions research,” which one scientist admits would be but a fringe science if it was not for “all the interest in climate change” (ibid.). In other words, it will quickly fade away if the fashion changes back to “global cooling” as it did some 30 years ago!
The whole thing is utterly ridiculous and defies logic, at least the logic of a two-feet-planted-squarely-on-the-ground realist!
What makes this all the more ludicrous is that, increasingly, the global warmists are finding themselves out on a limb as more and more scientists declare their hand as viewing climate change being founded on plain bad science! One of the latest reports comes from a U.S. Environment and Public Works full committee hearing last Wednesday. Marc Morano reports that during the hearing, titled “Update on the Latest Global Warming Science,” “Award-winning Princeton University physicist Dr. Will Happer declared man-made global warming fears ‘mistaken’ and noted that the Earth was currently in a ‘CO2 famine now.’ Happer … has published over 200 peer-reviewed scientific papers …. Happer was reportedly fired by former Vice President Al Gore in 1993 for failing to adhere to Gore’s scientific views” (U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, February 25).
Veteran psychiatrist Dr. Lyle Rossiter opines that the mindset behind much of liberal thinking is very like a kind of psychological disorder. “A social scientist who understands human nature will not dismiss the vital roles of free choice, voluntary cooperation and moral integrity—as liberals do.” Of the few remaining political realists, he states, “[A] legislator who understands human nature will not create an environment of rules which over-regulates and over-taxes the nation’s citizens, corrupts their character and reduces them to wards of the state—as liberals do” (The Liberal Mind: The Psychological Causes of Political Madness).
Yet such a crazy approach is behind the global-warmist-anti-bovine-burping element within society that has been given carte blanche by our liberal mass media to brainwash us into caving in to such mad rules as those designed to limit our “carbon footprint,” or be taxed if we don’t.
Dr. Rossiter declares that “When the modern liberal mind whines about imaginary victims, rages against imaginary villains and seeks above all else to run the lives of persons competent to run their own lives, the neurosis of the liberal mind becomes painfully obvious.”
Well, what more could we expect than that which we got in the U.S., the UK, Australia and New Zealand as the political pendulum swung left? Truly it is all so pathetic, but in reality it is all so PROPHETIC! After all, the Eternal God declared millennia ago that if His people rebelled against Him, as their civilization teetered on the brink, it would be in a time when those who ruled over us would have the mentality of feminized babes, which would ultimately lead many to just plain madness (Isaiah 3:4; Deuteronomy 28:28).
For a clear-minded view on reality and the true human potential in relation to the environment, read our book The Incredible Human Potential. •
Wednesday, March 4, 2009
Biofuel – An Alternative and Sustainable Energy Source
Since my strive to make aware PNG and other Pacific island nations through Commentary by writer Mathew Yakai (Sunday Chronicle-PNG) and daily papers , though hardly through ) I have received numerous personnel calls from majority of grass roots ,individuals,national bodies and respective personals on the theme of Biofuels given the world imminent crisis of fossil fuels and changing challenges of climate changes as instigated by fossil fuel by product of carbon dioxide imbalance in the atmosphere.
Some one up in the highlands of PNG called to express his gratitude and personal views that PNG should embrace biofuel developments and shake of outside fuel dealers, the converse was short due to high cost of long distance called, he called several times. Someone from the street of Port Moresby called called while in his Bus loading passengers to congratulate me on the researches in Biodiesel from Algae, he urged me to continue doing it for the small people and the nation to one day be independent and producing our very own fuel.
Some one in POM city called me, encouraged and said PNG should see Biofuel as a way forward for development, will create more jobs,fuel independent and economic stability.
NBC radio in POM called twice , and I have aired my research findings nationwide and possibilities that PNG can become indenpendent and cheaply mass produce biodiesel, ensure fuel security and fully dependent on biofuel for all generations.
Couple of recent calls from individuals have been received, these and others all signify the the importance of working on Biofuel as a way forward.
My researches indicated that if biofuel is produced from other sources such as jatropha , 30+% of all fuel in the nation can be provided, however, if biodiesel from algae can be produced 70-90% can be supplied for the national demand.
This means Interoil can buck off or take the 10% market deal for supply, this will create thousands of jobs nationwide.
Past couple of months back, PNG have seen and experienced what fuel shortage can devastate people across the nation and cripple economy. Government was lip tight, Inter oil rip money from PNG and ICCCP find reasons and excuses for skyrocketing prices of fuel and consequent rise of daily necessities.
Individuals and intellects of the nation are now supporting the idea that Government must invest and develop Biofuel from viable sources. As the world moves away from fossil into green fuel, we must not be left alone but develop the alternative.
Below is a personal information from an intellect student scholar expressing his idea that Biofuel is the wayforward for PNG.
From James Aipa, MSc student studying at the SCAU, GUANGZHOU, Guangdong Province and I come from Papua New Guinea. My major is Soil Science with a specialty in Plant Nutrition and Plant Nutritional Genetics. I am currently embarking on my Thesis Research on Soybean Production in Acid Soils directed towards Phosphorus deficiency, Aluminum Toxicity, Water deficits (Drought) and Salt Stress (Soil Salinization).
Papua New Guinea (PNG) is certainly blessed with a vast diversity of resources, be it natural or agricultural. PNG is in fact one of the few richest countries in the world endowed with such a rich diversity and huge resource base, yet poor like Congo in Africa. PNG, like no other country on the face of this Earth is endowed with her richness in gold, copper, natural oil and gas, and nickel along with coffee, tea, natural rubber, timber and marine resources. There is also a wide range of field and tree crops, most export commodity crops that can be exploited through this so called ‘biofuel’ technology.
With the conducive and favorable climatic conditions in PNG and a rich diversity of field and tree crops, PNG could be seen as a ‘superpower’ in biofuel. Yes, there is no doubt about that, however, it must also be noted that the introduction of a new technology has its associated negative implications. In view of the increase in natural lands needed for cassava cultivation, there maybe a greater risk of CO2 emission. The amount of emission maybe small, but nevertheless important enough to demand greater research into the sinks and sources of CO2, the biogeochemical processes and factors involved. This will assist those concerned in ultimately exploring management options available to mitigate emissions and enhance the sinks.
Now, turning to the global front, almost all developed countries in the world are embarking on some form of national biofuel program. This is either in order to reduce their green house gas (GHG) emissions and/or diversify their energy sources. Likewise, some developing countries are turning into the biofuels direction in order to satisfy the so called developed countries demand, and at the same time for economic growth domestically and/or to diversify the national energy system. With the same token, PNG has the capacity to embark on any biofuel industry utilizing coconut, oil palm, jatropha, soybean for bio-diesel, and sugarcane and cassava for ethanol production.
Algae biofuel is another very interesting source that is top agenda world wide(This study is under taken by PNG student) developments are done and fuel are now used rendering it best fuel properties and suitable for use in any world condition including using at the top of Mount Everest , North and South pol locations.
Also, from hearsay, PNG’s own sons, the Bougainvilleans have been using coconut oil as a substitute bio-diesel for powering small diesel engines on the Island for almost half a century. With that, any insights into such new technologies are owed to the Government of China and the people of the People’s Republic of China through the Chinese Scholarship Council and the Chinese Embassy in PNG for selecting a new breed of Papua New Guinean students to study in China under a vast diversity of professional fields.
Finally, God bless you all; PNG students, Pacific Island brothers/sisters and other friends of the world.
Some one up in the highlands of PNG called to express his gratitude and personal views that PNG should embrace biofuel developments and shake of outside fuel dealers, the converse was short due to high cost of long distance called, he called several times. Someone from the street of Port Moresby called called while in his Bus loading passengers to congratulate me on the researches in Biodiesel from Algae, he urged me to continue doing it for the small people and the nation to one day be independent and producing our very own fuel.
Some one in POM city called me, encouraged and said PNG should see Biofuel as a way forward for development, will create more jobs,fuel independent and economic stability.
NBC radio in POM called twice , and I have aired my research findings nationwide and possibilities that PNG can become indenpendent and cheaply mass produce biodiesel, ensure fuel security and fully dependent on biofuel for all generations.
Couple of recent calls from individuals have been received, these and others all signify the the importance of working on Biofuel as a way forward.
My researches indicated that if biofuel is produced from other sources such as jatropha , 30+% of all fuel in the nation can be provided, however, if biodiesel from algae can be produced 70-90% can be supplied for the national demand.
This means Interoil can buck off or take the 10% market deal for supply, this will create thousands of jobs nationwide.
Past couple of months back, PNG have seen and experienced what fuel shortage can devastate people across the nation and cripple economy. Government was lip tight, Inter oil rip money from PNG and ICCCP find reasons and excuses for skyrocketing prices of fuel and consequent rise of daily necessities.
Individuals and intellects of the nation are now supporting the idea that Government must invest and develop Biofuel from viable sources. As the world moves away from fossil into green fuel, we must not be left alone but develop the alternative.
Below is a personal information from an intellect student scholar expressing his idea that Biofuel is the wayforward for PNG.
From James Aipa, MSc student studying at the SCAU, GUANGZHOU, Guangdong Province and I come from Papua New Guinea. My major is Soil Science with a specialty in Plant Nutrition and Plant Nutritional Genetics. I am currently embarking on my Thesis Research on Soybean Production in Acid Soils directed towards Phosphorus deficiency, Aluminum Toxicity, Water deficits (Drought) and Salt Stress (Soil Salinization).
Papua New Guinea (PNG) is certainly blessed with a vast diversity of resources, be it natural or agricultural. PNG is in fact one of the few richest countries in the world endowed with such a rich diversity and huge resource base, yet poor like Congo in Africa. PNG, like no other country on the face of this Earth is endowed with her richness in gold, copper, natural oil and gas, and nickel along with coffee, tea, natural rubber, timber and marine resources. There is also a wide range of field and tree crops, most export commodity crops that can be exploited through this so called ‘biofuel’ technology.
With the conducive and favorable climatic conditions in PNG and a rich diversity of field and tree crops, PNG could be seen as a ‘superpower’ in biofuel. Yes, there is no doubt about that, however, it must also be noted that the introduction of a new technology has its associated negative implications. In view of the increase in natural lands needed for cassava cultivation, there maybe a greater risk of CO2 emission. The amount of emission maybe small, but nevertheless important enough to demand greater research into the sinks and sources of CO2, the biogeochemical processes and factors involved. This will assist those concerned in ultimately exploring management options available to mitigate emissions and enhance the sinks.
Now, turning to the global front, almost all developed countries in the world are embarking on some form of national biofuel program. This is either in order to reduce their green house gas (GHG) emissions and/or diversify their energy sources. Likewise, some developing countries are turning into the biofuels direction in order to satisfy the so called developed countries demand, and at the same time for economic growth domestically and/or to diversify the national energy system. With the same token, PNG has the capacity to embark on any biofuel industry utilizing coconut, oil palm, jatropha, soybean for bio-diesel, and sugarcane and cassava for ethanol production.
Algae biofuel is another very interesting source that is top agenda world wide(This study is under taken by PNG student) developments are done and fuel are now used rendering it best fuel properties and suitable for use in any world condition including using at the top of Mount Everest , North and South pol locations.
Also, from hearsay, PNG’s own sons, the Bougainvilleans have been using coconut oil as a substitute bio-diesel for powering small diesel engines on the Island for almost half a century. With that, any insights into such new technologies are owed to the Government of China and the people of the People’s Republic of China through the Chinese Scholarship Council and the Chinese Embassy in PNG for selecting a new breed of Papua New Guinean students to study in China under a vast diversity of professional fields.
Finally, God bless you all; PNG students, Pacific Island brothers/sisters and other friends of the world.
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